A Brief Exploration Of Various Ancient Greek.
Western culturesometimes equated with Western civilizationOccidental culturethe Western worldWestern societyand European civilizationis the heritage of social normsethical valuestraditional customs, belief systemspolitical systemsartifacts and technologies of the Western world that originated in or are associated with Europe.
The term also applies beyond Europe to countries and cultures whose histories are strongly connected to Europe by immigration, colonization, or influence. For example, Western culture includes countries in Northern Americasuch as Canada and the United Statesor Australasiasuch as Australia and New Zealandwhose language and demographic ethnicity majorities are of European descent without indigenous influence.
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Western culture is most strongly influenced by the Greco-Roman and Christian cultures. Ancient Greece is considered Explorationn birthplace of many elements of Western culture, including the development of a democratic system of government and major advances in philosophy, science and mathematics. The expansion of Greek culture into the Hellenistic world of the eastern Mediterranean led to a synthesis between Greek and Near-Eastern cultures, [2] and major advances in literature, engineering, and science, and provided the culture for the expansion of early Christianity and the Greek New Testament. Western culture is characterized by a host of artistic, philosophic, literary and legal themes and traditions.
Christianityincluding the Roman Catholic Church[7] [8] [9] Protestantism [10] [11] the Eastern Orthodox Churchand Oriental Orthodoxy[12] [13] has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization since at least the 4th century, [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] as did Judaism. Empiricism later gave rise to the scientific methodthe scientific revolutionand the Age of Enlightenment. Western culture continued to develop with the Christianisation of European society during the Middle Ages, the reforms triggered by the Renaissance of the 12th century and 13th century under the influence Varioys the Islamic world via Al-Andalus and Sicily including the transfer of technology from the East, and Latin translations of Arabic texts on science and philosophy[23] [24] [25] and the Italian Renaissance as Greek scholars fleeing the fall of the Byzantine Empire after the Muslim Oc of Constantinople brought classical traditions and philosophy.
Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include the concept of political pluralismindividualismprominent subcultures or countercultures such as New Age movements and increasing cultural syncretism resulting from A Brief Exploration Of Various Ancient Greek and human migration.
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The West as a geographical area Vsrious unclear and undefined. More often the ideology of a state's inhabitants is what will be used to categorize it as a Western society. There is some disagreement about what nations should or should not be included in the category and at what times. Many parts of the Eastern Roman Byzantine Empire are considered Western today but were considered Eastern in the past. However, in the past it was also the Eastern Roman Empire that had many features now seen as "Western," preserving Roman law, which was first codified by Justinian in the east, [38] as well as the traditions of scholarship around PlatoAristotleand Euclid that were later introduced to Italy during the Renaissance by Greek scholars fleeing the fall of Constantinople.
Geographically, the " West " of today would include Europe especially the states that collectively form the European Unionthe United Kingdom, Norway, and Switzerland together with extra-European territories belonging to the English-speaking worldthe Hispanidadthe Lusosphere ; and the Francophonie in the wider context.
Since the context is highly biased and context-dependent, there is no agreed definition of what the "West" is.
It is difficult to determine which individuals fit into which category and the East—West contrast is sometimes criticized as relativistic and arbitrary. Stereotypical views of "the West" have been labeled Occidentalismparalleling Orientalism —the term for the 19th-century stereotyped views of "the East".]
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