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Caste is a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy , hereditary transmission of a style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution. A subject of much scholarship by sociologists and anthropologists, the Hindu caste system is sometimes used as an analogical basis for the study of caste-like social divisions existing outside Hinduism and India. The term "caste" is also applied to morphological groupings in female populations of ants and bees. The English word "caste" derives from the Spanish and Portuguese casta , which, according to the John Minsheu 's Spanish dictionary , means "race, lineage, tribe or breed". It was, however, the Portuguese who first employed casta in the primary modern sense of the English word 'caste' when they applied it to the thousands of endogamous, hereditary Indian social groups they encountered upon their arrival in India in Herbert Hope Risley, the Census Commissioner, noted that "The principle suggested as a basis was that of classification by social precedence as recognized by native public opinion at the present day, and manifesting itself in the facts that particular castes are supposed to be the modern representatives of one or other of the castes of the theoretical Indian system. Integration Between Peasant And Elite Populations.Integration Between Peasant And Elite Populations Video
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Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasise the idea of Betweem people" and often juxtapose this group against "the elite". The term developed in the 19th century and has been applied to various politicians, parties, and movements since that time, although it has rarely been chosen as a self-description. Within political Populationa and other social sciencesseveral different definitions of populism have been employed, with some scholars proposing that the term be rejected altogether. A common framework for interpreting populism is known as the ideational approach: this defines populism Pewsant an ideology which presents "the people" as a morally good force and contrasts them against "the elite", who are portrayed as corrupt and self-serving.
Populists differ in how "the people" are defined, but it can be based along class, ethnic, or national lines. Populists typically present "the elite" as comprising the political, economic, cultural, and media establishment, depicted as a homogeneous entity and accused of placing their own interests, and often the interests of other groups—such as large corporations, foreign countries, or immigrants—above the interests of "the people". Populist parties and social movements are often led by charismatic or dominant figures who present themselves as the "voice of the people". According to the ideational approach, populism is often combined with other ideologies, such as nationalismliberalismor socialism. Thus, populists can be found at Integration Between Peasant And Elite Populations locations along the left—right political spectrumand there exist both left-wing populism and right-wing populism.
Other scholars of Integration Between Peasant And Elite Populations social sciences have defined the term populism differently.
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According to the popular agency definition used by some historians of United States history, populism refers to popular engagement of the population in political decision making. An approach associated with the political scientist Ernesto Laclau presents populism as an emancipatory social force through which marginalised groups challenge dominant power link. Some economists have used the term in reference to governments which engage in substantial public spending financed by foreign loans, resulting in hyperinflation and emergency measures.
In popular discourse—where the term has often been used pejoratively —it has sometimes been used synonymously with demagogyto describe Peasaht who Integration Between Peasant And Elite Populations overly simplistic answers to complex questions in a highly emotional manner, or with opportunismto characterise politicians who seek to please voters without rational consideration as to the best course of action. The term populism came into use in the late 19th century alongside the promotion of democracy. In the United States, it was closely Inteyration with the People's Partywhile in the Russian Empire it was linked to the agrarian socialist Narodnik movement. In the s the term became increasingly popular among social scientists in Western countries, and later in the 20th century it was applied to various political parties active in liberal democracies.
Subaltern politics and insurgent citizenship in contemporary India
In the 21st century, the term became increasingly common in political discourse, particularly in the Americas and Europe, to describe a range of left-wing, right-wing, and centrist groups that challenged the established parties. Margaret Canovan on how the term populism was used, [1]. The word populism has become a contested term that has been used Beetween reference to a diverse variety of movements and beliefs. The term originated as a form of self-designation, being used by members of the People's Party active in the United States during the late 19th century.]
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