How Biophysical Principles Can Be Applied For - very pity
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Mitotic chromosomes were one of the first cell biological structures to be described, yet their molecular architecture remains poorly understood. We have devised a simple biophysical model of a kb-long nucleosome chain, the size of a budding yeast chromosome, constrained by interactions between binding sites of the chromosomal condensin complex, a key component of interphase and mitotic chromosomes.
eLife digest
Comparisons of computational and experimental 4C interaction maps, and other biophysical features, allow us to predict a mode of condensin action. Stochastic condensin-mediated pairwise interactions along the nucleosome chain generate native-like chromosome features and recapitulate chromosome compaction and individualization during mitotic condensation.
Higher order interactions between condensin binding sites explain the data less well. Our results suggest that basic assumptions about chromatin behavior go a long way to explain chromosome architecture and are able to generate a molecular model of what the inside of a chromosome is likely to look like.
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The genetic material of living things is made up of long strands of How Biophysical Principles Can Be Applied For. Human cells contain about two meters of DNA split between 46 chromosomes. These chromosomes carry all the instructions to build a human body. To fit all of this information inside each human cell, the DNA is wrapped around hundreds of thousands of proteins such that the chromosomes each resemble a string of beads.
Most of the time the chromosomes in a cell are only loosely arranged. But, when a cell prepares to divide into two new cells, its chromosomes become more compacted. This allows the DNA to withstand the physical forces involved when the copies of Appleid chromosomes are pulled into the two daughter cells, and it makes it easier for the cell to handle its genetic material. If a chromosome breaks during cell division, it can B in diseases such as cancer. Several proteins—collectively called condensins—work to compact or condense the chromosomes.
These proteins are found in a wide range of species, but it remains poorly understood how they cause chromosomes to become more compact. Due to the technical limitations of current imaging methods, it has not been possible to directly visualize the path of the DNA strand within a compacted chromosome.
However, Cheng et al.
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Cheng et al. This model could accurately recreate the behavior of chromosomes as observed in non-dividing cells—and revealed that these chromosomes are in a relaxed state. As expected, the chromosomes became more compacted and the model's behavior was then validated using further experiments. The current model describes a relatively small chromosome and, in the future, extending the model to larger chromosomes could shed insight. One Principls the most recognizable phenomena of dividing cells is the compaction of chromatin that occurs when cells enter mitosis. In mitosis, centimeters of How Biophysical Principles Can Be Applied For are compacted into micrometer-sized, rod-shaped chromosomes. This allows genetic material to be packed small enough to be faithfully segregated to opposite cell halves, and compact enough to withstand the forces generated during this process.
BPS Bulletin
Over the past two decades, accumulating lines of evidence have indicated that the chromosomal How Biophysical Principles Can Be Applied For complex is a principal mediator of chromosome condensation. Condensin promotes interactions between its chromosomal binding sites Haeusler et al.
Condensin is a member of the structural maintenance of chromosomes SMC family of large ring-shaped multisubunit protein complexes. How condensin promotes chromosome condensation has remained unclear. Two main ideas about a possible mechanism of condensin function have been put forward. In the more traditional view, condensin forms higher order assemblies within chromosomes, thought of as part of a chromosome scaffold, to which loops of DNA are attached. This view is supported by cytological observations of condensin localization and early biochemical analyses, but also by recent simulations of chromatin interactions within human chromosomes Maeshima and Laemmli, ; Swedlow and Hirano, ; Naumova et al.
In a contrasting model, condensin has been proposed to act by providing DNA interactions between its chromosomal binding sites in a more stochastic manner, without the need to engage into higher order assemblies. However, technical limitations mean that it remains a hitherto insurmountable challenge to directly visualize the path that a DNA strand takes inside a chromosome and how and where condensin acts.]
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