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In psychology , implicit memory is one of the two main types of long-term human memory. It is acquired and used unconsciously , and can affect thoughts and behaviours. Implicit memory's counterpart is known as explicit memory or declarative memory, which refers to the conscious , intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences and concepts. Evidence for implicit memory arises in priming , a process whereby subjects are measured by how they have improved their performance on tasks for which they have been subconsciously prepared. Advanced studies of implicit memory began only in the s.Implicit Of Implicit Implicit Cognition And The Video
We all have implicit biases. So what can we do about it? - Dushaw Hockett - TEDxMidAtlanticSalon Implicit Of Implicit Implicit Cognition And The
The past decade has seen growing philosophical interest in implicit bias: that is roughlyin biases against members of historically disadvantaged groups that people often appear to have but which they may more info and struggle to control. Through a series of journal articles, and through the two-volume collection of papers he edited with Jennifer Saul Brownstein and Saul a; bMichael Brownstein has established himself as one of the foremost voices on the topic. This book goes significantly beyond those journal articles, presenting the first comprehensive overview of the nature of implicit bias, and its importance for our self-understanding and for morality.
We often think of implicit bias as a threat to moral agency: something that prevents us from acting in line with our better selves. Brownstein's starting point is the observation that an ethics of spontaneity has to encompass very much more than the apparent threat our biases represent to our acting well or rationally. We are, for example, spontaneously generous, sometimes in ways we would not be were we to deliberate.
We may admire people who act, as Bernard Williams put it, without "one thought too many. These achievements seem to manifest intelligence in action, not mere reflexes or the unfolding of overlearned sequences.
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Brownstein suggests that these behaviors, the impressive and the good and the morally bad alike, are all caused by a single kind of state: implicit attitudes. His aim is to understand the nature of these attitudes, and to enable us to better govern our behavior, in part by governing our attitudes. On Brownstein's view, implicit attitudes are sui generis unified states characterized by what he calls FTBA components. They are states that dispose us to respond to features of objects in ways that generate tension in us, motivating behaviour aimed at alleviation of the tension.
Features are properties of objects that "make certain possibilities for action attractive. It is in virtue of this quality that a feature elicits tension in the agent, which motivates behavior aimed at alleviation of the tension. Borrowing an example from Hubert Dreyfus and Sean Kellyboth in illustration of the account and to demonstrate how pervasive and familiar these kinds of states are in human behavior, Brownstein describes our response to a very large painting.]
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