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A lot of substances, foods, and nutritional supplements may increase cognition slightly. Some drugs are tailored to help improve focus for those with conditions like attention deficit hyperactive disorder ADHD. They have a known effect on cognition, and when used as prescribed are designed to improve focus issues for people with ADHD. When these medications are used for those people who do not need them but who still want an increase in cognition or ability to focus, they may be classed as neuro-enhancing drugs. While there can be many potential drugs used to increase cognition, the most common are methylphenidate , amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, and modafinil. All three have the ability to increase cognition, improve function, and make it easier to work without much sleep.

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Amphetamine [note 2] contracted from a lpha - m ethyl ph en et hyl amine is a central nervous system CNS stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHDnarcolepsyand obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in and exists Enhabcers two enantiomers : [note 3] levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine.

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Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free basewhich is equal parts of the two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, in Pescription pure amine forms. The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression.

Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancerand recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use.

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The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrinea brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions. Currently, pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall[note 4] dextroamphetamineor the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, with its most pronounced effects targeting the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems.

At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoriachange in desire for sexincreased wakefulnessand improved cognitive control.

It induces physical effects such as improved reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength. Larger doses of amphetamine may impair cognitive function and induce rapid muscle breakdown.

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Addiction is a serious risk with heavy recreational amphetamine use, but is unlikely to occur from long-term medical use at therapeutic doses. Very high doses can result in psychosis e. Recreational doses are generally much source than prescribed therapeutic doses and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects.]