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Apologise, but: The Walls Of One Of His Last

He was also the country's head of state from untilserving as the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from tochairman of the Supreme Soviet from toand president of the Soviet Union from to Ideologically, Gorbachev initially adhered to Marxism—Leninismalthough Wakls had moved towards social democracy by the early s.

Of mixed Russian and Ukrainian heritage, Gorbachev was born in PrivolnoyeStavropol Kraito a poor peasant family. Growing up under the rule of Joseph Stalinin his youth he operated combine harvesters on a collective farm before joining the Communist Partywhich then governed the Soviet Union as a one-party state according to Marxist—Leninist doctrine.

While studying at Moscow State Universityhe married fellow student Raisa Titarenko in prior to receiving his law degree in Moving to Stavropolhe worked for the Komsomol youth organization and, after Stalin's death, became a keen proponent of more info de-Stalinization reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev.

In he returned to Moscow to become a Secretary of the party's Central Committee and in joined The Walls Of One Of His Last governing Politburo. Lst three years of the death of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnevfollowing the brief regimes of Yuri Andropov and Konstantin ChernenkoWals Politburo elected Gorbachev as General Secretary, the de facto head of government, here Although committed to preserving the Soviet state and to its socialist ideals, Gorbachev believed significant reform was necessary, particularly after the Chernobyl disaster. Domestically, his policy of glasnost "openness" allowed for enhanced freedom of speech and presswhile his perestroika "restructuring" sought to decentralize economic decision making to improve efficiency. His democratization measures and formation of the elected Congress of People's Deputies undermined the one-party state.

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Gorbachev declined to intervene militarily when various Eastern Bloc countries abandoned Marxist—Leninist governance in — Internally, growing nationalist sentiment threatened to break up the Soviet Union, leading Marxist—Leninist hardliners to launch the unsuccessful August Coup against Gorbachev in In the wake of this, the Soviet Union dissolved against Gorbachev's wishes and he resigned. After leaving office, he launched his Gorbachev Foundationbecame a vocal critic of Russian Presidents Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putinand Wqlls for Russia's social-democratic movement. Widely considered one of the most significant figures of the second half of the 20th century, Gorbachev remains the subject of controversy. The recipient of a wide range of awards, including the Nobel Peace Prizehe was widely praised for his pivotal role in ending the Cold Od, curtailing human The Walls Of One Of His Last abuses in the Soviet Union, and tolerating both the fall of Marxist—Leninist administrations in eastern and central Europe and the reunification of Germany.

Conversely, he is often derided in Russia for not stopping the Soviet collapse, an event which brought a decline in Russia's global influence and precipitated an economic crisis. The Soviet Union was a one-party state governed by the Communist Partyand during Gorbachev's childhood was under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. Stalin had initiated a project of mass rural collectivization which, in keeping with his Marxist—Leninist ideas, he believed would help convert the country into a socialist society. The country was then experiencing the famine of —33in which two of Gorbachev's paternal uncles and an aunt died. Both of Gorbachev's grandfathers were arrested his maternal in and his paternal in and spent time in Gulag labor camps prior to being released.

German forces occupied Privolnoye for four and a half months in The village school had closed during much of the war but re-opened in autumn In JuneGorbachev became a candidate member of the Communist Party.]