Come: Soft Systems Thinking Intellectual Capital Social Capital
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Collective intelligence CI is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaborationcollective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiologypolitical science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing Sysstems. It may involve consensussocial capital and formalisms such as voting systemssocial media and other means of quantifying mass activity.
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Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals. It can be understood as an emergent property from the synergies among: 1 data- information -knowledge; 2 software-hardware; and 3 individuals those with new insights as well as recognized authorities that continually learns from feedback to produce just-in-time knowledge for better decisions than these three elements acting alone; [1] [3] or more narrowly as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities.
The aim was to provide a way to diagnose, and improve, the collective intelligence of a city, business, NGO or parliament. Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. According to Eric S. Raymond and JC Herzopen source intelligence will eventually generate superior outcomes to knowledge generated by proprietary software developed within corporations Flew Media theorist Henry Jenkins sees collective intelligence as an 'alternative source of media power', related to convergence culture. Soft Systems Thinking Intellectual Capital Social Capital
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He draws attention to education and the way people are learning to participate in knowledge cultures outside formal learning settings. Henry Jenkins criticizes schools which promote 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained learners' Soft Systems Thinking Intellectual Capital Social Capital remaining hostile to learning through the means of collective intelligence. Similar to the g factor g for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks.
Similarly as g is highly interrelated with the concept of IQ[13] [14] this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups Group-IQ even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well. Collective intelligence is used to help create widely known platforms including GoogleWikipedia and political groups.
Google is a major search engine that is made of millions of websites that have been created by people all around the world. It has the ability to share knowledge and creativity with each other to collaborate and expand thoughts and expressions. Google includes five key dynamics within their teams to create a well-collaborated system. The concept although not Soft Systems Thinking Intellectual Capital Social Capital named originated in with the Marquis de Condorcetwhose "jury theorem" states that if each member of a voting group is more likely than not to make a correct decision, the probability that the highest vote of the group is the correct decision increases with the number of members of the group see Condorcet's jury theorem.
A precursor of the concept is found in entomologist William Morton Wheeler 's observation that seemingly independent individuals can cooperate so closely as to become indistinguishable from a single organism He argued in " The Elementary Forms of Religious Life " that society constitutes a higher intelligence because it transcends the individual over space and time. Wells 's concept of " world brain " see also the term " global brain ". In a research report, Douglas Engelbart linked collective intelligence to organizational effectiveness, of Characteristics System a Response Frequency predicted that pro-actively 'augmenting human intellect' would yield a multiplier effect in group problem solving: "Three people working together in this augmented mode [would] seem to be more than three times as effective in solving a complex problem as is one augmented person working alone".
The idea of collective intelligence also forms the framework for contemporary democratic theories often referred to as epistemic democracy.
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Epistemic democratic theories refer to the capacity of the populace, either through deliberation or aggregation of knowledge, to track the truth and relies on mechanisms to synthesize and apply collective intelligence. Collective intelligence was introduced into the machine learning community in the late 20th century, [30] and matured into a broader consideration of how to design "collectives" of self-interested adaptive agents to meet a system-wide goal. Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior — collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this earth's living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine".
In Bloom combined the concepts of apoptosisparallel distributed processinggroup selectionand the superorganism to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works. Bloom traced the evolution of collective intelligence to our bacterial ancestors 1 billion years ago and demonstrated how a multi-species intelligence has worked since the beginning of life. David Skrbina [37] cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of panpsychism that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter.
He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" and Fechner 's arguments for a collective consciousness of mankind.]
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